What INSPIRED me most this semester?
As far as the journal entries go, I loved watching and listening to the professionals. These people are experts and have been doing what I'm learning in school for years. It is a students job and obligation to listen and learn from there elders and I think that every interview, documentary and speech I listened to over the course of the semester was extremely enlightening and gave me so much perspective and inspiration to move forward with my path in Graphic Design. I have now had a glimpse and and taste of what my world will be like after school is over and I'm liking what I saw! But I know that I have a LONG ways to go before I can have a shot at being a peer to these intelligent design folk and hope to stand on the same level as them. It is my goal and, hopefully, my destiny.
Monday, May 9, 2011
Typography II - Journal Entry #13
Larry Lessig.
His comparison to the views of technology from the past and the usage and abundance of it today was really fascinating. I thoroughly enjoyed his examples and explanation of modern displays of culture with the youtube videos and he really had a unique and profound understanding of technologies effect on culture and how it naturally enhances and promotes our creativity. Many thought that the "vocal chords" or the creative prowess of people of the new age would be silenced, but in fact it has done nothing more than change in format. The digital culture is still strong and in fact has greater potential then I think anyone imagined.
His comparison to the views of technology from the past and the usage and abundance of it today was really fascinating. I thoroughly enjoyed his examples and explanation of modern displays of culture with the youtube videos and he really had a unique and profound understanding of technologies effect on culture and how it naturally enhances and promotes our creativity. Many thought that the "vocal chords" or the creative prowess of people of the new age would be silenced, but in fact it has done nothing more than change in format. The digital culture is still strong and in fact has greater potential then I think anyone imagined.
Thursday, April 28, 2011
Monday, April 25, 2011
Typography II - Journal Entry #12
PAULA SCHER.
She fascinated me when she talked about her design work for "Citi" Bank. She explained how she is not a refiner, most of her best work is done quickly and one the first or second try. When she was hired on to do the logo design for Citi, she met with the executive and then moments after leaving his office drew the logo on a napkin. It was done. Quick and simple. A problem with this, she say, thats a lot of clients like to buy process and she doesn't usually have it. But she had displayed that her talents with illustrative typography greatly outweigh the need for process. I would ask her if she has some kind of MENTAL process she goes through in order to come up with her creative ideas so quickly...is it more than just "instinct?"
DAVID CARSON.
He shocked me when he said that his "lack of training" is what was his greatest aid. He started doing magazine layouts and just did what felt right to him, and was told later what his guidelines where. This was both a good and bad thing. He felt (and still feels) that ones work should be a reflection of one's personality, one's imagination, what is inside. To me his greatest point was when he said that design is n't about making something ugly, hard-to-read, pretty, or any physical attribute. It's about INTERPRETATION and what you do with it. I would ask him what kind of feedback he got from other professionals and readers in regards to his odd and interesting magazine layouts.
MILTON GLASER.
His video starts of with one quote that really hit home with me. "I believe that the life of a designer is the life that is very much between two sensibilities; that of a business man and that of an artist. And everybody kind of has a sense of where they fit in that spectrum." He also points out that if you have a relationship to art or art history you are blessed with a tremendous gift. You have the ability to give a precious gift to culture. A gift that allows people to have something in common: the love of art. This has potential to prevent war, hard times and hard feelings. It can pierce through any kind of hardship. His words really were moving and reminded me why I became a designer and an artist in the first place. If I could ask him one question I would ask him about his life and his work and see if I could determine the source and outcome of all his gathered wisdom and insight into the world of a designer.
She fascinated me when she talked about her design work for "Citi" Bank. She explained how she is not a refiner, most of her best work is done quickly and one the first or second try. When she was hired on to do the logo design for Citi, she met with the executive and then moments after leaving his office drew the logo on a napkin. It was done. Quick and simple. A problem with this, she say, thats a lot of clients like to buy process and she doesn't usually have it. But she had displayed that her talents with illustrative typography greatly outweigh the need for process. I would ask her if she has some kind of MENTAL process she goes through in order to come up with her creative ideas so quickly...is it more than just "instinct?"
DAVID CARSON.
He shocked me when he said that his "lack of training" is what was his greatest aid. He started doing magazine layouts and just did what felt right to him, and was told later what his guidelines where. This was both a good and bad thing. He felt (and still feels) that ones work should be a reflection of one's personality, one's imagination, what is inside. To me his greatest point was when he said that design is n't about making something ugly, hard-to-read, pretty, or any physical attribute. It's about INTERPRETATION and what you do with it. I would ask him what kind of feedback he got from other professionals and readers in regards to his odd and interesting magazine layouts.
MILTON GLASER.
His video starts of with one quote that really hit home with me. "I believe that the life of a designer is the life that is very much between two sensibilities; that of a business man and that of an artist. And everybody kind of has a sense of where they fit in that spectrum." He also points out that if you have a relationship to art or art history you are blessed with a tremendous gift. You have the ability to give a precious gift to culture. A gift that allows people to have something in common: the love of art. This has potential to prevent war, hard times and hard feelings. It can pierce through any kind of hardship. His words really were moving and reminded me why I became a designer and an artist in the first place. If I could ask him one question I would ask him about his life and his work and see if I could determine the source and outcome of all his gathered wisdom and insight into the world of a designer.
Tuesday, April 19, 2011
Typography II - Journal Entry #11
Who is Debbie Millman?
Debbie Millman is a partner and president of the design division at Sterling Brands, one of the leading brand identity firms in the country. Millman is president of AIGA, and chair of the School of Visual Arts’ master’s program in Branding. She is a contributing editor to Print magazine and host of the podcast “Design Matters.” She is the author of How To Think Like A Great Graphic Designer (Allworth Press, 2007), The Essential Principles of Graphic Design (Rotovision, 2008) and Look Both Ways: Illustrated Essays on the Intersection of Life and Design (How Books, 2009).
What is Design Matters?
It is a radio talk show, hosted by Debbie Millman, where she takes listeners inside the world of design and branding to talk to professionals about what they do, how they do it and (most importantly) WHY they do what they do.
What did you find interesting about the Interview?
I listened to the interview Debbie gave to Ann Whiloughby and it displayed a very tranquil and humble view. She talked about the inspiration she received when visiting a hospital that her mother was in. She talked about the raw emotion and tension and even love that is conveyed in an environment like that. People are not here by choice and are hopeful that everything will be okay, her mother was in the same boat. "It's difficult to see some of the situations people find themselves in when they visit a place like a hospital, but the love and care that they receive is oh so reassuring." She talks about how emotion and thoughtfulness fuels her design work and how the compassionate mind is a haven for brilliant ideas and new, more personal, methods of communication.
Debbie Millman is a partner and president of the design division at Sterling Brands, one of the leading brand identity firms in the country. Millman is president of AIGA, and chair of the School of Visual Arts’ master’s program in Branding. She is a contributing editor to Print magazine and host of the podcast “Design Matters.” She is the author of How To Think Like A Great Graphic Designer (Allworth Press, 2007), The Essential Principles of Graphic Design (Rotovision, 2008) and Look Both Ways: Illustrated Essays on the Intersection of Life and Design (How Books, 2009).
What is Design Matters?
It is a radio talk show, hosted by Debbie Millman, where she takes listeners inside the world of design and branding to talk to professionals about what they do, how they do it and (most importantly) WHY they do what they do.
What did you find interesting about the Interview?
I listened to the interview Debbie gave to Ann Whiloughby and it displayed a very tranquil and humble view. She talked about the inspiration she received when visiting a hospital that her mother was in. She talked about the raw emotion and tension and even love that is conveyed in an environment like that. People are not here by choice and are hopeful that everything will be okay, her mother was in the same boat. "It's difficult to see some of the situations people find themselves in when they visit a place like a hospital, but the love and care that they receive is oh so reassuring." She talks about how emotion and thoughtfulness fuels her design work and how the compassionate mind is a haven for brilliant ideas and new, more personal, methods of communication.
Monday, April 11, 2011
Speech: Releasing of the Watergate Tapes
Who is speaking?
President Richard M. Nixon, 37th President of the United States.
Why was/is the speech important to society?
It was a response to the unveiling of the watergate scandal that exposed government corruption in the United States.
Why do you feel in is important or interesting?
It is a display of his underhandedness in that it was later revealed to be totally true that he was involved and it sheds a darker light on the politics behind our government system.
What is the emotion, mood, tone, personality, feeling of the speech?
Very Serious, very tactful, nothing sugar-coated about it. Political and precise.
What is intonation, emphasis, what is loud, stressed, or soft. Where are there pauses...
All the numbers are emphasized and the towards the end him insisting that he is “not a crook” is emphasized too.
What do you FEEL should be loud or soft, long pause or rushed?
I think that the section about his mistake but what his virtues are should be a bit more powerful.
Is there a call to action? When listening to it what are key/emphasized words?
The only “call to action” may be the plea from Nixon to understand that he’s “not a crook.” Don’t believe him.
How does it make you feel?
I feel insecure about my established government and weary of trusting others.
How do imagine that the audience felt?
I’m sure that a majority of them wished to believe Nixon because they felt that they should be able to trust their leader. It’s a shame that they were disappointed.
Could there be another interpretation of the speech?
I suppose you could look at it from a believer and a skeptic’s point of view.
Write/find a short bio, of the person giving the speech.
Richard Nixon was the thirty-seventh president of the United States. He successfully served as a member of the House of Representatives and of the Senate and was vice president under Dwight Eisenhower (1890–1969). Despite all his political triumphs, Nixon will probably best be remembered as the first president to resign from office.
Young Nixon in California
Richard Milhous Nixon was born on his father's lemon farm in Yorba Linda, California, on January 9, 1913. Of the four other sons in the family, two died in childhood. After the farm failed, the family moved to Whittier, California, where Nixon's father ran a grocery store. Nixon had a troubled childhood. Raised by a sometimes abusive father and a controlling mother, Nixon adopted parts of both his parents' personalities. Some historians have believed that, as a result of his childhood, Nixon had a drive to succeed and felt he had to pretend to be "good" while using any tactics necessary to achieve his goals.
At Whittier College, Nixon excelled as a student and a debater. He was president of his freshman class and, as a senior, president of the student body. Graduating second in his class in 1934, he won a scholarship to Duke University Law School. Although he was a member of the national scholastic law fraternity, he failed to find a job in one of the big New York law firms. This failure, along with the views of his father, left him with a strong dislike of the "eastern establishment."
Reluctantly, Nixon returned to Whittier and began practicing law. Soon afterward, Nixon met Thelma Catherine Patricia (Pat) Ryan (1912–1993), a high school teacher. The two were married in 1940 and would have two daughters, Patricia and Julie.
Public service, then soldier
Shortly before the United States entered World War II (1939–45), where Americanled forces faced-off against Germany, Japan, and Italy, Nixon began working for the federal government in the Office of Emergency Management. Nixon soon left this post and entered the navy as a lieutenant junior-grade in August 1942. He was sent to the Pacific as an operations officer with the South Pacific Combat Air Transport Command. Fourteen months later he returned to the United States to work as a lawyer in uniform. In September 1945 a group of Republicans in Whittier asked him to run for Congress. He jumped at the opportunity. Nixon left the navy in January 1946 and began his victorious campaign, in which he defeated a five-term congressman.
Congressional activities and national fame
As congressman, Nixon was assigned to the House Labor Committee and to the Select Committee on Foreign Aid. In 1947 he and other committee members toured Europe. Nixon quickly established a reputation as an internationalist in foreign policy, proving that he worked well with foreign nations. As a member of the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC), Nixon became a leading anti-Communist crusader. (Communism is a political system where goods and services are owned and controlled by the government.) He first attracted national attention as a member of HUAC when he led the suit that resulted in the conviction of Alger Hiss (1904–1996), a former State Department official charged with Communist connections. While Nixon gained national attention fighting the threat of Communism, he also caught the attention of General Dwight Eisenhower (1890–1969), who chose him as his running mate in his successful presidential campaign of 1952. Eisenhower in part recruited Nixon in hopes of drawing valuable support in the West.
The vice presidency
As vice president, Nixon continued to please his supporters and anger his critics. He acted as the chief political spokesman in Eisenhower's administration. Among Nixon's assignments was foreign travel. In office less than a year, Nixon made an extended trip through Asia, visiting, among other places, Hanoi, North Vietnam, then under French control. He established many useful relationships on these trips and impressed critics at home with his knowledge of foreign affairs.
On a trip to Latin America in 1958, he was set upon by mobs but handled himself coolly. In 1959 he visited Poland and the Soviet Union, a former Communist nation made up of Russia and other states. While in Moscow, his meeting with Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev (1894–1971) prepared the way for Khrushchev's later visit to the United States to meet with Eisenhower.
Running for president
In 1960 Nixon won the Republican presidential nomination and chose Henry Cabot Lodge (1902–1985) as his running mate. The campaign against the Democratic team of Senators John F. Kennedy (1917–1963) and Lyndon Johnson (1908–1973) was close from the beginning. In the first of four televised debates with Kennedy, Nixon did not sharply challenge his opponent and appeared cold and distant, a far cry from the charming Kennedy. But the election was still close, and he lost by some one hundred thousand votes out of the sixty-eight million cast.
After the defeat, Nixon returned to Los Angeles to practice law. In 1964, after the Republican defeat by President Lyndon Johnson, it became clear that Nixon again considered himself a serious presidential contender. In 1968, winning his party's presidential nomination, he picked Governor Spiro T. Agnew (1918–1996) of Maryland as his running mate. Nixon and Agnew ran against the Democratic team of Hubert Humphrey (1911–1978) and Edmund Muskie (1914–). Third-party candidate George Wallace (1919–1998) of Alabama, a threat to both sides, eventually drew support away from Humphrey and cleared a path for Nixon's successful election to the White House.
The presidency
Nixon took the oath of office on January 20, 1969. In his inaugural address, or first speech as president, he appealed for harmony among American society. At that time American society was divided over the issues of domestic racial unrest and the Vietnam War (1955–75; a war in which American forces were aiding South Vietnam's fight against Communist North Vietnam). He promised to bring the nation together again.
Nixon's first foreign objective—to negotiate, or bargain for, an end to the Vietnam War—was unsuccessful. Despite repeated attempts, negotiations with North Vietnam at the Paris peace talks were unproductive. Meanwhile, in June he began replacing American troops with South Vietnamese troops. After a conference with South Vietnam president Nguyen Van Thieu (1923–2001), Nixon ordered 25,000 American combat troops brought home. By the end of 1969, having ordered 110,000 troops home, he expressed hope that all American combat troops would be out of Vietnam by the end of 1970. It would take two more years until most American ground troops had been withdrawn from Vietnam.
International relations
In his second month in office, Nixon embarked on a tour of Western Europe. His official visit to Romania made him the first American president to visit a Communist country. While on an Asian tour, the president called for cooperative efforts and promised American material aid but said that Asian countries must defend their freedoms with their own troops. In his first year, the president signed a treaty with the Soviet Union that worked toward placing limits on the production of nuclear arms.
In 1971 Nixon made the dramatic announcements that he would visit Peking, China, and Moscow, Soviet Union, in the first half of 1972. He also announced progress in the negotiations with the Soviet Union on an arms limitation treaty. The visit to Peking took place in February and he was invited to meet Chairman Mao Zedong (1893–1976), a mark of high respect.
The fall from grace
In the presidential election of 1972, Nixon and Agnew ran against Democrats George McGovern (1922–) and Sargent Shriver (1915–). The election was a landslide for Nixon, but no one was expecting what would happen next. During his last election campaign, what first appeared as a minor burglary was to become the beginning of the end of Nixon's political career. A break-in at Democratic national headquarters in the Watergate apartment complex in Washington, D.C., was linked to Republicans.
During the trial of six men charged in the crime, the existence of the cover-up began to emerge and government officials fell like dominos in its path. By October 1973, as the Watergate investigation continued, Nixon lost several top aides as well as his vice president. Agnew resigned before pleading no contest to federal charges of receiving bribes, failing to pay his taxes properly, and other crimes while serving as governor of Maryland.
Soon the U.S. Supreme Court forced Nixon to turn over tape recordings he made during the election. The tapes showed he obstructed, or blocked, justice in stopping a Federal Bureau of Investigations (FBI) probe of the Watergate burglary. On August 9, 1974, in national disgrace, he became the first president of the United States to choose to leave office before the end of his term. He boarded a plane with his wife and returned to his California home, ending his public career. A month later, in a controversial move, President Gerald Ford (1913–) issued an unconditional pardon for any offenses Nixon might have committed while president.
Private citizen
Nixon led a quiet life until the criticism from the Watergate scandal had softened. Nixon then emerged in a role of elder statesman, visiting countries in Asia as well as returning to the Soviet Union and China. He also consulted with the administrations of George Bush (1924–) and Bill Clinton (1946–) and wrote his memoirs, or a book of his memories, and other books on international affairs and politics. The Richard M. Nixon Library and Birthplace opened in the early 1990s in Yorba Linda. On January 20, 1994, in what would be his last public appearance, ceremonies honoring him on the twenty-fifth anniversary of his first inauguration were held. He also announced the creation of the Center for Peace and Freedom, a policy center at the Richard M. Nixon Library and Birthplace. Richard Nixon died of a stroke on April 22, 1994. A state funeral was held five days later in Yorba Linda, where President Clinton and others praised Nixon and his achievements. However Nixon is remembered, he will most likely never escape the shadow of Watergate.
President Richard M. Nixon, 37th President of the United States.
Why was/is the speech important to society?
It was a response to the unveiling of the watergate scandal that exposed government corruption in the United States.
Why do you feel in is important or interesting?
It is a display of his underhandedness in that it was later revealed to be totally true that he was involved and it sheds a darker light on the politics behind our government system.
What is the emotion, mood, tone, personality, feeling of the speech?
Very Serious, very tactful, nothing sugar-coated about it. Political and precise.
What is intonation, emphasis, what is loud, stressed, or soft. Where are there pauses...
All the numbers are emphasized and the towards the end him insisting that he is “not a crook” is emphasized too.
What do you FEEL should be loud or soft, long pause or rushed?
I think that the section about his mistake but what his virtues are should be a bit more powerful.
Is there a call to action? When listening to it what are key/emphasized words?
The only “call to action” may be the plea from Nixon to understand that he’s “not a crook.” Don’t believe him.
How does it make you feel?
I feel insecure about my established government and weary of trusting others.
How do imagine that the audience felt?
I’m sure that a majority of them wished to believe Nixon because they felt that they should be able to trust their leader. It’s a shame that they were disappointed.
Could there be another interpretation of the speech?
I suppose you could look at it from a believer and a skeptic’s point of view.
Write/find a short bio, of the person giving the speech.
Richard Nixon was the thirty-seventh president of the United States. He successfully served as a member of the House of Representatives and of the Senate and was vice president under Dwight Eisenhower (1890–1969). Despite all his political triumphs, Nixon will probably best be remembered as the first president to resign from office.
Young Nixon in California
Richard Milhous Nixon was born on his father's lemon farm in Yorba Linda, California, on January 9, 1913. Of the four other sons in the family, two died in childhood. After the farm failed, the family moved to Whittier, California, where Nixon's father ran a grocery store. Nixon had a troubled childhood. Raised by a sometimes abusive father and a controlling mother, Nixon adopted parts of both his parents' personalities. Some historians have believed that, as a result of his childhood, Nixon had a drive to succeed and felt he had to pretend to be "good" while using any tactics necessary to achieve his goals.
At Whittier College, Nixon excelled as a student and a debater. He was president of his freshman class and, as a senior, president of the student body. Graduating second in his class in 1934, he won a scholarship to Duke University Law School. Although he was a member of the national scholastic law fraternity, he failed to find a job in one of the big New York law firms. This failure, along with the views of his father, left him with a strong dislike of the "eastern establishment."
Reluctantly, Nixon returned to Whittier and began practicing law. Soon afterward, Nixon met Thelma Catherine Patricia (Pat) Ryan (1912–1993), a high school teacher. The two were married in 1940 and would have two daughters, Patricia and Julie.
Public service, then soldier
Shortly before the United States entered World War II (1939–45), where Americanled forces faced-off against Germany, Japan, and Italy, Nixon began working for the federal government in the Office of Emergency Management. Nixon soon left this post and entered the navy as a lieutenant junior-grade in August 1942. He was sent to the Pacific as an operations officer with the South Pacific Combat Air Transport Command. Fourteen months later he returned to the United States to work as a lawyer in uniform. In September 1945 a group of Republicans in Whittier asked him to run for Congress. He jumped at the opportunity. Nixon left the navy in January 1946 and began his victorious campaign, in which he defeated a five-term congressman.
Congressional activities and national fame
As congressman, Nixon was assigned to the House Labor Committee and to the Select Committee on Foreign Aid. In 1947 he and other committee members toured Europe. Nixon quickly established a reputation as an internationalist in foreign policy, proving that he worked well with foreign nations. As a member of the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC), Nixon became a leading anti-Communist crusader. (Communism is a political system where goods and services are owned and controlled by the government.) He first attracted national attention as a member of HUAC when he led the suit that resulted in the conviction of Alger Hiss (1904–1996), a former State Department official charged with Communist connections. While Nixon gained national attention fighting the threat of Communism, he also caught the attention of General Dwight Eisenhower (1890–1969), who chose him as his running mate in his successful presidential campaign of 1952. Eisenhower in part recruited Nixon in hopes of drawing valuable support in the West.
The vice presidency
As vice president, Nixon continued to please his supporters and anger his critics. He acted as the chief political spokesman in Eisenhower's administration. Among Nixon's assignments was foreign travel. In office less than a year, Nixon made an extended trip through Asia, visiting, among other places, Hanoi, North Vietnam, then under French control. He established many useful relationships on these trips and impressed critics at home with his knowledge of foreign affairs.
On a trip to Latin America in 1958, he was set upon by mobs but handled himself coolly. In 1959 he visited Poland and the Soviet Union, a former Communist nation made up of Russia and other states. While in Moscow, his meeting with Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev (1894–1971) prepared the way for Khrushchev's later visit to the United States to meet with Eisenhower.
Running for president
In 1960 Nixon won the Republican presidential nomination and chose Henry Cabot Lodge (1902–1985) as his running mate. The campaign against the Democratic team of Senators John F. Kennedy (1917–1963) and Lyndon Johnson (1908–1973) was close from the beginning. In the first of four televised debates with Kennedy, Nixon did not sharply challenge his opponent and appeared cold and distant, a far cry from the charming Kennedy. But the election was still close, and he lost by some one hundred thousand votes out of the sixty-eight million cast.
After the defeat, Nixon returned to Los Angeles to practice law. In 1964, after the Republican defeat by President Lyndon Johnson, it became clear that Nixon again considered himself a serious presidential contender. In 1968, winning his party's presidential nomination, he picked Governor Spiro T. Agnew (1918–1996) of Maryland as his running mate. Nixon and Agnew ran against the Democratic team of Hubert Humphrey (1911–1978) and Edmund Muskie (1914–). Third-party candidate George Wallace (1919–1998) of Alabama, a threat to both sides, eventually drew support away from Humphrey and cleared a path for Nixon's successful election to the White House.
The presidency
Nixon took the oath of office on January 20, 1969. In his inaugural address, or first speech as president, he appealed for harmony among American society. At that time American society was divided over the issues of domestic racial unrest and the Vietnam War (1955–75; a war in which American forces were aiding South Vietnam's fight against Communist North Vietnam). He promised to bring the nation together again.
Nixon's first foreign objective—to negotiate, or bargain for, an end to the Vietnam War—was unsuccessful. Despite repeated attempts, negotiations with North Vietnam at the Paris peace talks were unproductive. Meanwhile, in June he began replacing American troops with South Vietnamese troops. After a conference with South Vietnam president Nguyen Van Thieu (1923–2001), Nixon ordered 25,000 American combat troops brought home. By the end of 1969, having ordered 110,000 troops home, he expressed hope that all American combat troops would be out of Vietnam by the end of 1970. It would take two more years until most American ground troops had been withdrawn from Vietnam.
International relations
In his second month in office, Nixon embarked on a tour of Western Europe. His official visit to Romania made him the first American president to visit a Communist country. While on an Asian tour, the president called for cooperative efforts and promised American material aid but said that Asian countries must defend their freedoms with their own troops. In his first year, the president signed a treaty with the Soviet Union that worked toward placing limits on the production of nuclear arms.
In 1971 Nixon made the dramatic announcements that he would visit Peking, China, and Moscow, Soviet Union, in the first half of 1972. He also announced progress in the negotiations with the Soviet Union on an arms limitation treaty. The visit to Peking took place in February and he was invited to meet Chairman Mao Zedong (1893–1976), a mark of high respect.
The fall from grace
In the presidential election of 1972, Nixon and Agnew ran against Democrats George McGovern (1922–) and Sargent Shriver (1915–). The election was a landslide for Nixon, but no one was expecting what would happen next. During his last election campaign, what first appeared as a minor burglary was to become the beginning of the end of Nixon's political career. A break-in at Democratic national headquarters in the Watergate apartment complex in Washington, D.C., was linked to Republicans.
During the trial of six men charged in the crime, the existence of the cover-up began to emerge and government officials fell like dominos in its path. By October 1973, as the Watergate investigation continued, Nixon lost several top aides as well as his vice president. Agnew resigned before pleading no contest to federal charges of receiving bribes, failing to pay his taxes properly, and other crimes while serving as governor of Maryland.
Soon the U.S. Supreme Court forced Nixon to turn over tape recordings he made during the election. The tapes showed he obstructed, or blocked, justice in stopping a Federal Bureau of Investigations (FBI) probe of the Watergate burglary. On August 9, 1974, in national disgrace, he became the first president of the United States to choose to leave office before the end of his term. He boarded a plane with his wife and returned to his California home, ending his public career. A month later, in a controversial move, President Gerald Ford (1913–) issued an unconditional pardon for any offenses Nixon might have committed while president.
Private citizen
Nixon led a quiet life until the criticism from the Watergate scandal had softened. Nixon then emerged in a role of elder statesman, visiting countries in Asia as well as returning to the Soviet Union and China. He also consulted with the administrations of George Bush (1924–) and Bill Clinton (1946–) and wrote his memoirs, or a book of his memories, and other books on international affairs and politics. The Richard M. Nixon Library and Birthplace opened in the early 1990s in Yorba Linda. On January 20, 1994, in what would be his last public appearance, ceremonies honoring him on the twenty-fifth anniversary of his first inauguration were held. He also announced the creation of the Center for Peace and Freedom, a policy center at the Richard M. Nixon Library and Birthplace. Richard Nixon died of a stroke on April 22, 1994. A state funeral was held five days later in Yorba Linda, where President Clinton and others praised Nixon and his achievements. However Nixon is remembered, he will most likely never escape the shadow of Watergate.
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